International Journal of Interdisciplinary Invention & Innovation in Research

Phytochemicals and Mineral Element Compositions of Bitter-Leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina) Young and Matured Leaves

Olusola David Ogundele — 2022-07-15

This study was aimed to evaluate and compare phytochemical and mineral elements in young and mature leaves of V. amygdalina. The young leaves contained (0.281 g/100g) flavonoid, (0.397 g/100g) phenols, (0.064 g/100g) saponin, (1.4731 g/100g) alkaloids with the mature sample containing (0.371 g/100g) flavonoid, (0.642 g/100g) phenol, (0.072 g/100g) saponins and (1.621 g/100g) alkaloid. Magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium were the mineral elements determined in the young and matured leaves of V. amygdalina. The young leaf contained 105 (mg/kg) potassium, 113.15 (mg/kg) calcium, 134.65 (mg/kg) magnesium and 21.85 (mg/kg) phosphorus with the mature leaf containing 96.25 (mg/kg) potassium, 117.6 (mg/kg) calcium, 141.45 (mg/kg) magnesium and 19.75 (mg/kg) phosphorus. The mineral analysis of both leaves extracts showed that as the leaf matures the concentration of potassium, and phosphorus reduces, but the matured leaf contains more calcium and magnesium than the young leaf. Quantitative analysis of the extracts showed that the mature leaf contains more flavonoid, phenol, saponin and alkaloid than the mature leaf. From the findings of this study, it shows that though the leaves of both young and matured V. amygdalina has therapeutic properties and can be used in dietary supplements, the mature leaf has more concentration of phytochemical and mineral elements than the young leaf.

Iterative Induced Sequence on Cone Metric Spaces using Fixed Point Theorems of Generalized Lipschitzian Map

Stephen I Okeke — 2022-07-15

In this paper, the concept of Lipschitzian map on cone metric spaces was examined. With this modification, some fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings with weaker conditions on generalized Lipschitz constants were proved. Let be a complete metric space and a generalized Lipschitzian map with constant First, defining the sequence inductively by and if is the unique fixed point of , it was shown that as and

Moreover, we shall assume that if is complete cone metric space, be a normal cone with normal constant satisfying the generalized Lipschtizian condition where and for any in , then we will prove that the iterative induced defined sequence converges to the fixed point.

An Assessment of Infant Mortality Rates in Jamaica, 2002-2021

Paul Andrew Bourne — 2022-07-15

Introduction: We live in a society that is affected by the inevitable, infant mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the infant mortality rate is defined as the probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of one, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period.

Objective: The objectives of this study are: 1) To evaluate the trend of the infant mortality rates in Jamaica for the last 20 years, and 2) To find out the reason for either decline or increase of mortality rates of infants in Jamaica for the last 20 years.

Methods and Material: Time-series data were used for this study. Said data was collected, retrieved, transferred and analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with the use of tables consisting of frequencies, per cent, descriptive statistics, and confidence interval. Additionally, the use of the Macrotrends website was helpful as it collects data from various countries concerning economy, health, education, growth rate, density, environment and others just to name a few.

Findings: The descriptive statistics of the incidence of infant mortality for Jamaica for the last 20 years is on average 15.007 per 1000 live birth.

Conclusion: This research provided insight into the infant mortality rate in Jamaica.